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Biostatistics

What is a p-value?

P-values show how large the probability is to obtain the observed test results assuming the null hypothesis is correct. Or in other words, how likely

Biostatistics

What is a significance test?

A test of significance consists of four steps. First, the null and alternative hypothesis must be stated. Second, the test must be chosen appropriately, and

Biostatistics

What are one-sided and two-sided tests?

When applying a statistical test, there are always two hypotheses as a basis. The null hypothesis describes the non-favorable scenario, where the investigational product would

Biostatistics

What is a confidence interval?

When it is about the precision of a test result, confidence intervals are a more useful measure than p-values, which only reflect the statistical significance. Confidence intervals provide additional information about how large the effect could be, so answering the question how the clinical relevance for the finding is.